A turbocharger, or turbo, is a gas compressor A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume that is used for forced-induction Forced induction describes the process of compressing air into an internal combustion engine. In the process of forced induction, a gas compressor is added to the air intake, thereby increasing the quantity of air, and ultimately oxygen, available for combustion. An internal combustion engine without forced induction is considered naturally of an internal combustion engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine, such as the. A form of supercharger A supercharger is an air compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion engine, the turbocharger increases the density The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ρ . In some countries (for instance, in the United States), density is also defined as its weight per unit volume . The density of a substance is the reciprocal of its specific volume, a representation commonly used in thermodynamics of air entering the engine to create more power. A turbocharger has the compressor powered by a turbine A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work, driven by the engine's own exhaust gases, rather than direct mechanical drive as with many other superchargers.
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Nomenclature
Early manufacturers of turbochargers referred to them as "turbosuperchargers". A supercharger is an air compressor used for forced induction of an engine. Logically then, adding a turbine to turn the supercharger would yield a "turbosupercharger". However, the term was soon shortened to "turbocharger". This is now a source of confusion, as the term "turbosupercharged" is sometimes used to refer to an engine that uses both a crankshaft-driven supercharger and an exhaust-driven turbocharger, often referred to as twincharging Twincharger refers to a compound forced induction system used on some piston-type internal combustion engines. It is a combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger, each mitigating the weaknesses of the other. A belt-driven supercharger offers exceptional response and low-RPM performance as it has no lag time.
Some companies such as Teledyne Continental Motors still use the term turbosupercharger in its original sense.
Operating principle
A turbocharger is a small radial fan pump driven by the energy of the exhaust gases of an engine. A turbocharger consists of a turbine A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work and a compressor A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume on a shared shaft. The turbine converts exhaust heat and pressure to rotational force A heat engine is a physical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. The mechanical output is called work, and the thermal energy input is called heat. Heat engines typically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines can be open to the atmospheric air or sealed and closed off to the outside, which is in turn used to drive the compressor A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. The compressor draws in ambient air and pumps it in to the intake manifold In automotive engineering, an intake manifold or inlet manifold is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders. An exhaust manifold or header collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald and refers to the folding together of multiple at increased pressure, resulting in a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on each intake stroke.
The objective of a turbocharger is the same as a supercharger A supercharger is an air compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion engine; to improve the engine's volumetric efficiency Volumetric efficiency in internal combustion engine design refers to the efficiency with which the engine can move the charge into and out of the cylinders. More specifically, volumetric efficiency is a ratio of what quantity of fuel and air actually enters the cylinder during induction to the actual capacity of the cylinder under static by solving one of its cardinal limitations. A naturally aspirated automobile engine uses only the downward stroke of a piston to create an area of low pressure in order to draw air into the cylinder through the intake valves. The pressure in the atmosphere An atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass,and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low. Some planets consist mainly of various gases, but only their outer layer is their is no more than 1 atm The standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101,325 Pa and formerly used as unit of pressure. For practical purposes it has been replaced by the bar which is 100,000 Pa. The difference of about 1% is not significant for many applications, and is within the error range of common pressure gauges (approximately 14.7 psi The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is the pressure resulting from a force of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch:), so there ultimately will be a limit to the pressure difference across the intake valves and thus the amount of airflow entering the combustion chamber The hot gases produced by the combustion occupy a far greater volume than the original fuel, thus creating an increase in pressure within the limited volume of the chamber. This pressure can be used to do work, for example, to move a piston on a crankshaft or a turbine disc in a gas turbine. The energy can also be used to produce thrust when. Since the turbocharger increases the pressure at the point where air is entering the cylinder, a greater mass of air (oxygen Oxygen (pronounced /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/, OK-si-jin, from the Greek roots ὀξύς (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly) will be forced in as the inlet manifold pressure increases. The additional air flow makes it possible to maintain the combustion chamber pressure and fuel/air load even at high engine revolution speeds, increasing the power The dimension of power is energy divided by time. The SI unit of power is the watt , which is equal to one joule per second. Non-SI units of power include ergs per second (erg/s), horsepower (hp), metric horsepower (Pferdestärke (PS) or cheval vapeur, CV), and foot-pounds per minute. One horsepower is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, and torque Torque, also called moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist output of the engine.
To avoid detonation Knocking in spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder starts off correctly in response to ignition by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel-air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug and physical damage, the pressure in the cylinder must not go too high, to prevent this the intake pressure must be controlled by venting excess gas. The control function is performed by a wastegate A wastegate is a valve that diverts exhaust gases away from the turbine wheel in a turbocharged engine system. Diversion of exhaust gases regulates the turbine speed, which in turn regulates the rotating speed of the compressor. The primary function of the wastegate is to regulate the maximum boost pressure in turbocharger systems, to protect the, which routes some of the exhaust flow away from the turbine. This regulates air pressure in the intake manifold.
History
The turbocharger was invented by Swiss Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation (Confœderatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe[note 4] where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to engineer Alfred Büchi. His patent for a turbocharger was applied for use in 1905.[1] Diesel A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to spark ignition engines such as a petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) or gas engine (using a ships and locomotives with turbochargers began appearing in the 1920s.
Aviation
During the First World War French engineer Auguste Rateau fitted turbochargers to Renault engines powering various French fighters with some success.[2]
In 1918, General Electric The General Electric Company, or GE , is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in the State of New York. In 2010, Forbes ranked GE as the world's second largest company, based on a formula that compared the total sales, profits, assets, and market value of several multinational companies. The company has 304,000 employees engineer Sanford Moss attached a turbo to a V12 A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of six cylinders, usually but not always at a 60° angle to each other, with all 12 pistons driving a common crankshaft Liberty aircraft engine. The engine was tested at Pikes Peak Pikes Peak is a mountain in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, 10 miles (16 km) west of Colorado Springs, Colorado, in El Paso County. It is named for Zebulon Pike, an explorer who led an expedition to the southern Colorado area in 1806. At 14,115 feet (4,302 m), it is one of Colorado's 54 fourteeners. Drivers race up the mountain in a famous in Colorado Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union as the 38th state in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is bordered on the north by Wyoming and Nebraska, on the east by Nebraska and Kansas, on the south by Oklahoma and New Mexico, and on the west by Utah at 14,000 feet (4,300 m) to demonstrate that it could eliminate the power losses usually experienced in internal combustion engines as a result of reduced air pressure and density at high altitude.[3]
Turbochargers were first used in production aircraft engines in the 1930s before World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·. The primary purpose behind most aircraft-based applications was to increase the altitude at which the airplane could fly, by compensating for the lower atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the Earth's atmosphere. In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. Low pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above present at high altitude. Aircraft such as the Fw 190D The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger was a German single-seat, single-radial engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank in the late 1930s. It was used by the Luftwaffe during the Second World War in a variety of roles. Like the Bf 109, the Fw 190 was employed as a "workhorse", and proved suitable for a wide variety of roles, including air, Tempest The Hawker Tempest was a British fighter aircraft primarily used by the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. The Tempest was an improved derivative of the Hawker Typhoon, and one of the most powerful fighter aircraft used during the war, B-17 Flying Fortress The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed for the United States Army Air Corps , introduced in the 1930s. Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract, and P-47 Thunderbolt The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, also known as the "Jug," was the biggest, heaviest, and most expensive fighter aircraft in history to be powered by a single reciprocating engine. It was one of the main United States Army Air Forces fighters of World War II, and served with other Allied air forces. The P-47 was effective in air combat but all used turbochargers to increase high altitude engine power.
Production automobiles
The first turbocharged diesel truck was produced by the "Schweizer Maschinenfabrik Saurer Adolph Saurer AG was a Arbon, Switzerland , based manufacturer of trucks and buses, under the Saurer and Berna (beginning in 1929) brand names, and active between 1903 and 1982" (Swiss Machine Works Saurer) in 1938.[4]
The Chevrolet Corvair The Chevrolet Corvair is a compact, six passenger automobile produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors for the 1960 through 1969 model years. The Corvair has the distinction of having been the only American-made, mass-produced passenger car to feature a rear-mounted engine. The Corvair engine, an air-cooled, horizontally-opposed,'s turbocharged engine. The turbo, located at top right, feeds pressurized air into the engine through the chrome T-pipe spanning the engine.The first production turbocharged automobile engines came from General Motors General Motors Company, also known as GM, is a United States-based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. GM manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries. By sales, GM ranked as the largest US automaker and the world's second in 1962. The Y-body Oldsmobile Cutlass The Oldsmobile Cutlass was a line of automobiles made by the Oldsmobile division of General Motors. The Cutlass began as a unibody compact car, but saw its greatest success as a body-on-frame intermediate car Jetfire was fitted with a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger and the Chevrolet Corvair The Chevrolet Corvair is a compact, six passenger automobile produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors for the 1960 through 1969 model years. The Corvair has the distinction of having been the only American-made, mass-produced passenger car to feature a rear-mounted engine. The Corvair engine, an air-cooled, horizontally-opposed, Monza Spyder with a TRW TRW Inc. was an American corporation involved in a variety of businesses, mainly aerospace, automotive, and credit reporting. It was a pioneer in multiple fields including electronic components, integrated circuits, computers, software and systems engineering. TRW built many spacecraft, including Pioneer 1, Pioneer 10, and several space-based turbocharger.[5][6][7] Porsche in 1974 at the Paris Auto Show during the height of the oil crisis, presents the 911Turbo – the world’s first production sports car with exhaust turbocharger and pressure regulator. This was made possible by the introduction of a wastegate to relieve excess pressure.[8] The world's first production turbo diesel automobiles were the Garrett turbocharged Mercedes 300SD and the Peugeot 604, both introduced in 1978. Today, most automotive diesels are turbocharged.
Competition cars
The aircraft engineer Frank Halford experimented with turbocharging in his modified Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a British manufacturer of luxury sports cars, based in Gaydon, Warwickshire. The company name is derived from the name of one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin, and from the Aston Hill speed hillclimb near Aston Clinton in Buckinghamshire racing car the Halford Special, but it is unclear whether or not his efforts were successful. The first successful application of turbocharging in automotive racing appears to have been in 1952 when Fred Agabashian in the diesel-powered Cummins In 1973 the company was purchased by Cummins after briefly being owned by the Hanson Trust. Holset now operates facilities in China, India, Brazil, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States Special qualified for pole position at the Indianapolis 500 The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500 and commonly known simply as The 500, is an American automobile race, held annually over the Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. The event lends its name to the IndyCar class, or formula, of open-wheel race cars that have and led for 175 miles (282 km) before ingested tire shards disabled the compressor section of the Elliott turbocharger. Offenhauser The Offenhauser engine, familiarly known as the "Offy", was developed by Fred Offenhauser and his employer Harry Arminius Miller, after maintaining and repairing a 1913 Peugeot Grand Prix car of the type which had won the Indianapolis 500. Impressed by the double overhead cam, four valve per cylinder design, which was a great leap's turbocharged engines returned to Indianapolis in 1966, with victories coming in 1968 using a Garrett AiResearch Garrett AiResearch was a manufacturer of turboprop engines and turbochargers, and a pioneer in numerous aerospace technologies. It was previously known as Aircraft Tool and Supply Company, Garrett Supply Company, AiResearch Manufacturing Company, or simply AiResearch. In 1968, Garrett AiResearch merged with Signal Oil & Gas to form Signal turbocharger. The Offenhauser turbo peaked at over 1,000 hp (750 kW) in 1973, while Porsche Porsche Automobil Holding SE, usually shortened to Porsche SE , a Societas Europaea or European Public Company, is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury high performance automobiles, which is majority-owned by the Piëch and Porsche families. Porsche SE is headquartered in Zuffenhausen, a city district of Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg dominated the Can-Am series with a 1,100 hp (820 kW) 917/30 The Porsche 917 is a racecar that gave Porsche its first overall wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1970 and 1971. Powered by the Type 912 flat-12 engine of 4.5, 4.9, or 5 litres, the long-tailed version was capable of a 0-62 mph time of 2.7 seconds and a top speed of over 240 mph (390 km/h). Turbocharged cars dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the world's oldest sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, Sarthe, France. Commonly known as the Grand Prix of Endurance, it is organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and runs on a circuit containing closed public roads that are meant not only to test a car and between 1976 and 1988, and then from 2000-2007.
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Ferrari Turbo F1 car
1984 Ferrari 126C4/M2 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009. 1.5 litre turbocharged V6, 850bhp
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In Formula One Formula One, also known as Formula 1 or F1, and officially referred to as the FIA Formula One World Championship, is the highest class of single seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants' cars must comply. The F1 season, in the so called "Turbo Era" of 1977 until 1989, engines with a capacity of 1500 cc could achieve anywhere from 1000 to 1500 hp (746 to 1119 kW) (Renault, Honda, BMW, and Ferrari). Renault was the first manufacturer to apply turbo technology in the F1 field, in 1977. The project's high cost was compensated for by its performance, and led to other engine manufacturers following suit. The turbocharged engines took over the F1 field and ended the Ford Cosworth DFV era in the mid 1980s. However, the FIA decided that turbochargers were making the sport too dangerous and expensive. In 1987 F1 decided to limit the maximum boost before the technology was banned completely for 1989.
In drag racing, an 1,800 hp (1,340 kW), twin-turbocharged Pontiac GTA developed by Gale Banks of Southern California, set a land speed record for the "World's Fastest Passenger Car" of 277 mph (446 km/h). This event was chronicled at the time in a 1987 cover story published by Autoweek magazine.[citation needed] Gale Banks Engineering also built and raced several diesel-powered drag racing machines, including the "World's Fastest Diesel Truck," a street-legal 735 hp (548 kW) Dodge Dakota pick-up that towed its own trailer to the Bonneville Salt Flats and then set an official F.I.A. two-way speed record of 217 mph (349 km/h) with a one-way top speed of 222 mph (357 km/h). This latter vehicle also showed the fuel economy of a turbocharged diesel engine by averaging 21.2-mpg[clarification needed] on the Hot Rod Power Tour.
In Rallying, turbocharged engines of up to 2000 cc have long been the preferred motive power for the Group A/NWorld Rally Car (top level) competitors, due to the exceptional power-to-weight ratios attainable. This combines with the use of vehicles with relatively small bodyshells for maneuverability and handling. As turbo outputs rose to similar levels as the F1 category the FIA, rather than banning the technology, enforced a restricted turbo inlet diameter (currently 34 mm).
Design and installation
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